132 research outputs found
Firm and Country Determinants of the Quality of Financial Information
This thesis is made of three chapters which contribute to the international accounting literature.
The first chapter investigates the effect of the legal enforcement on the use of income increasing earnings management (EAR) and downward expectation management (EXP) to meet or beat analyst earnings forecasts. Using a sample of 4,934 firms from fourteen European countries, we document that the strength of the legal enforcement is negatively associated with EAR and positively associated with EXP. We provide evidence of a substitution effect between EAR and EXP only in the presence of strong legal enforcement, while they are complements when the legal enforcement is weak. We show that the capital market rewards meeting/beating firms, but it penalizes the concurrent use of EAR and EXP and this penalty is positively associated with the strength of the legal enforcement only for EAR. Our results show that legal enforcement has a significant role in the choice between EAR and EXP and that a change in the strength of legal enforcement drives how firms operate to meet or beat analyst forecasts. The contribution of this chapter is two-fold. This is the first study that examines how cross-country variation in the level of enforcement affects the interaction between EAR and EXP to meet/beat analyst forecasts. Second, this chapter is the first study that explores whether the capital market’s reaction to an earnings surprise is related to the strength of the legal enforcement.
The second chapter examines how firm-level governance and country-level enforcement interplay in affecting IFRS mandatory adoption consequences on financial reporting quality. We operationalize financial reporting quality using earnings informativeness, accruals management, and real earnings management. We use a treatment sample of 3,476 firm-year observations from 14 European countries that mandatorily adopt IFRS in 2005 and 29,596 firm-year observations from 11 non-IFRS adoption countries. To account for the confounding effects of general trends in financial reporting quality or concurrent events unrelated to IFRS adoption, we estimate annual panel regressions for IFRS adopter firms and non-IFRS adopter firms using industry-country and separate year fixed effects for the treatment and control sample. Three key findings emerge from our analyses. First, IFRS adoption is, on average, associated with an increase in financial reporting quality. However, there is considerable heterogeneity in financial reporting quality changes, suggesting that IFRS mandatory adoption is not sufficient, per se, to change firms’ reporting practices. Second, in countries characterized by weak enforcement, strong board-level monitoring appears to enhance financial reporting quality, thus suggesting a substitutive effect between firm- and country-level governance. Third, in countries characterized by strong enforcement, firms with strong board-level monitoring exhibit a higher level of financial reporting quality than firms with weak board-level monitoring, thus suggesting that country- and firm-level governance are complementary. The chapter contributes to the literature in two ways. First, this is the first study that examines whether board-based monitoring mechanisms shape IFRS mandatory adoption consequences on financial reporting quality. Second, the chapter contributes to the growing literature on the interplay between firm-level governance and country institutional characteristics. The findings point toward a substitution effects between firm-level monitoring mechanisms and country-level enforcement mechanisms when the legal system is lax, while board monitoring and legal enforcement complement each other when the legal system gets stricter.
The third chapter examines whether informational environment benefits following cross-listing in the U.S. vanish when the financial reporting process suffers by internal control deficiencies according to the Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX, hereafter). Previous literature documents an increase in the quality of the firm information environment following cross-listing in the U.S. and motivates this result with the bonding effect. This study disputes the idea that the cross-listing per se enhances the quality of firms’ information environment. We challenge this idea considering whether the quality of the information environment for cross-listed firms depends on an effective commitment to achieve higher levels of corporate transparency. As research setting, we use Section 302 of the SOX that requires to disclose any discovered internal control deficiency on internal controls over financial reporting. To account for the impact of general trends or concurrent events unrelated to SOX302 disclosures on information environment of cross-listed firms, we employ as benchmark group all firms listed in their home market but not in the U.S. In addition, we employ propensity-score matching models to take into account differences in firm-characteristics between cross-listed and non-cross-listed firms while estimating SOX302 disclosure treatment effect. Our analyses encompasses both changes and cross-sectional association tests. We show that cross-listed firms disclosing internal control deficiencies do not have a better information environment than their home-country peers, but only after the first disclosure on internal control deficiencies according to SOX302. Second, we show that cross-listed firms experience an improvement in the information environment if they remediate to previously disclosed internal control deficiencies. Finally, we show that these results hold only for firms domiciled in countries with weak legal institutions, while cross-listed firms from countries with strong legal institutions do not experience a significant change in the quality of the information environment once they became cross-listed, irrespective from the disclosure of an internal control deficiency. The study contributes to the literature on cross-listing in two ways. First, we show the existence of substantial heterogeneity in cross-listing effects on firm information environment, driven by the adoption of adequate internal controls over financial reporting. Second, we add to the literature on the effects of the SOX. Literature shows that cross-listed firms experience a decrease in the level of opaqueness after the adoption of the SOX. We add to this literature the evidence that the decline in the level of opaqueness depends on cross-sectional differences in corporate transparency and hence it is not homogenous across all firms
Long-range order, bosonic fluctuations, and pseudogap in strongly correlated electron systems
This thesis deals with the Hubbard model as prototypical model to describe
the physics of electrons in the two-dimensional copper-oxide planes of
high- cuprates. To get approximate solutions, we employ functional
renormalization group (fRG) and dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT) methods.
We deal with the problem of identifying bosonic fluctuations in the vertex
function, exhibiting an intricate dependence on momenta and frequencies already
at moderate coupling. In the normal, paramagnetic phase, the goal is achieved
by employing the recently introduced single-boson exchange decomposition. In
the symmetry-broken phases, we reformulate the previously introduced
combination of fRG with mean-field theory by explicitly introducing a bosonic
field.
A widely discussed and challenging problem is the emergence of a pseudogap in
the Hubbard model. In this thesis we assume this phase to be characterized by
strong magnetic fluctuations. Following previous works, we fractionalize the
electron in a chargon, carrying the electron's charge, and a charge neutral
spinon, which represents local fluctuations of the spin orientation. The
chargons undergo N\'eel or spiral magnetic order below a density-dependent
transition temperature . We compute DC charge transport coefficients for
the chargons, and obtain a pronounced drop in the charge carrier density across
the magnetic-to-paramagnetic transition. Directional fluctuations of the spin
orientation are described by a non-linear sigma model and prevent long-range
ordering of the electrons at any finite temperature. The phase where the
chargon degrees of freedom are magnetically ordered shares many features with
the pseudogap regime observed in high- cuprates: a strong reduction of the
charge carrier density, a spin gap, Fermi arcs, and electronic nematicity.Comment: PhD thesis, Universit\"at Stuttgar
Comprehensive mean-field analysis of magnetic and charge orders in the two-dimensional Hubbard model
We present an unbiased mean-field analysis of magnetic and charge orders in
the two-dimensional Hubbard model on a square lattice, both at zero and finite
temperatures. Unrestricted Hartree-Fock calculations on large finite lattices
are complemented by solutions restricted to N\'eel and circular spiral order in
the thermodynamic limit. The magnetic states are classified by a systematic
scheme based on the dominant Fourier components of the spin texture. On finite
lattices a whole zoo of ordering patterns appears. We show that many of these
states are finite size artifacts related to the limited choice of ordering wave
vectors on a finite lattice. In the thermodynamic limit only three classes of
states with a relatively simple structure survive: N\'eel, circular spiral, and
stripe states. Stripes involve also charge order and can be unidirectional or
bidirectional, with horizontal and/or vertical orientation. We present complete
phase diagrams in the plane spanned by electron density and temperature, for a
moderate Hubbard interaction and various choices of the next-nearest neighbor
hopping amplitude.Comment: 15 pages, 14 figure
Quantum Effects in the Aubry Transition
The Aubry transition between sliding and pinned phases, driven by the
competition between two incommensurate length scales, represents a paradigm
that is applicable to a large variety of microscopically distinct systems.
Despite previous theoretical studies, it remains an open question to what
extent quantum effects modify the transition, or are experimentally observable.
An experimental platform that can potentially reach the quantum regime has
recently become available in the form of trapped laser-cooled ions subject to a
periodic optical potential [A. Bylinskii, D. Gangloff, I. Counts, and V.
Vuletic, Nature Materials 15, 717 (2016)]. Using Path-Integral Monte Carlo
(PIMC) simulation methods, we analyze the impact of quantum tunneling on the
sliding-to-pinned transition in this system, and determine the phase diagram in
terms of incommensuration and potential strength. We propose new signatures of
the quantum Aubry transition that are robust against thermal and finite-size
effects, and that can be observed in future experiments.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figure
Single boson exchange representation of the functional renormalization group for strongly interacting many-electron systems
We present a reformulation of the functional renormalization group (fRG) for
many-electron systems, which relies on the recently introduced single boson
exchange (SBE) representation of the parquet equations [Phys. Rev. B 100,
155149 (2019)]. The latter exploits a diagrammatic decomposition, which
classifies the contributions to the full scattering amplitude in terms of their
reducibility with respect to cutting one interaction line, naturally
distinguishing the processes mediated by the exchange of a single boson in the
different channels. We apply this idea to the fRG by splitting the one-loop fRG
flow equations for the vertex function into SBE contributions and a residual
four-point fermionic vertex. Similarly as in the case of parquet solvers,
recasting the fRG algorithm in the SBE representation offers both computational
and interpretative advantages: the SBE decomposition not only significantly
reduces the numerical effort of treating the high-frequency asymptotics of the
flowing vertices, but it also allows for a clear physical identification of the
collective degrees of freedom at play. We illustrate the advantages of an SBE
formulation of fRG-based schemes, by computing through the merger of dynamical
mean-field theory and fRG the susceptibilities and the Yukawa couplings of the
two-dimensional Hubbard model from weak to strong coupling, for which we also
present an intuitive physical explanation of the results. The SBE formulation
of the one-loop flow equations paves a promising route for future multiboson
and multiloop extensions of fRG-based algorithms.Comment: 22 Pages, 18 figure
Single-boson exchange functional renormalization group application to the two-dimensional Hubbard model at weak coupling
We illustrate the algorithmic advantages of the recently introduced
single-boson exchange (SBE) formulation for the one-loop functional
renormalization group (fRG), by applying it to the two-dimensional Hubbard
model on a square lattice. We present a detailed analysis of the fermion-boson
Yukawa couplings and of the corresponding physical susceptibilities by studying
their evolution with temperature and interaction strength, both at half filling
and finite doping. The comparison with the conventional fermionic fRG
decomposition shows that the rest functions of the SBE algorithm, which
describe correlation effects beyond the SBE processes, play a negligible role
in the weak-coupling regime above the pseudo-critical temperature, in contrast
to the rest functions of the conventional fRG. Remarkably, they remain finite
also at the pseudo-critical transition, whereas the corresponding rest
functions of the conventional fRG implementation diverge. As a result, the SBE
formulation of the fRG flow allows for a substantial reduction of the numerical
effort in the treatment of the two-particle vertex function, paving a promising
route for future multiboson and multiloop extensions
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